Martin Exports

Chapter 4 ZAYTUNA AND EARLY PROTECTORATE DAYS The establishment of Tunisia as a French Protectorate in 1881 was one of the chief events which accelerated the modernization of Tunisia and the reformation of Zaytuna University. This period was marked by the increased introduction of "modern" ideas which helped elicit and apply pressure on the traditional factions of Tunisia to more fully conform to modernizing Tunisia. Teachers and students were encouraged to seek reform at Zaytuna that would increase the number of "modern science" subjects taught with the traditional curriculum of this Islamic institution. The state of Zaytuna following the establishment of the Protectorate is the central focus of this chapter.   The Establishment Of The Protectorate   As a result of the serious financial problems that Tunisia had acquired and France's desire to protect its occupation of Algeria, the French forced Sadiq Bey to sign a decree on May 12, 1881 establis...

Chapter 3 ZAYTUNA FROM KHAYR AD-DIN TO PROTECTORATE   The improvement of the educational system in Tunisia was one of the goals of the men who served in prime governmental offices during the period discussed in this chapter, 1873-1881. Since Zaytuna was of central significance in terms of Islamic studies, it became one of the chief targets for reform. The men who were most successful in bringing about reform at Zaytuna were Sadiq Bey, the sovereign of Tunisia, and Khayr Ad-Din, Sadiq's Prime Minister from 1873-1877. Sadiq Bey was the last of the Husainid Dynasty to reign before the establishment of the Protectorate. Sadiq's reign, which began in 1859 following the death of his brother Muhammad, was marked by debt, reform, and the establishment of the Protectorate. The part which Sadiq played in bringing about reform in Tunisia and at Zaytuna is often overlooked because of the dynamic abilities of Khayr Ad-Dln. However, Sadiq took an active part in bringing about t...