Chapter 5 PREPARATION FOR 1912 REFORM DECREES From the middle of the 1890's throughout the period discussed in this chapter (1895-1911), there were various events which applied pressure on Zaytuna to improve its curriculum and to adopt modern methods of teaching. One of the chief events affecting Zaytuna was the establishment of the Khalduniyyah school in 1896. This school, which was organized by young Tunisians and French officials, not only provided Zaytuna students with an education in the modern sciences, but it was also one of the stimuli which motivated these students to seek reform. During the period discussed in this chapter, there were various reform efforts by students, professors, political officials, and newspapers; but only minor reforms were made at Zaytuna. For example in 1898 Machuel formed an unsuccessful reform council to increase the study of modern sciences at Zaytuna. During this period, at-Tahir Ibn Ashur, inspired by the visits of S...
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